Effect of Drying-Conversion Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Culms
Main Article Content
Abstract
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and mechanical testing were conducted to evaluate the influence of drying-conversion temperature on the relative crystallinity of cellulose in bamboo culms and the associated mechanical properties after low-pressure thermal treatment. All treated samples showed marked improvements in static bending strength and longitudinal compressive strength. However, these properties decreased with increasing drying-conversion temperature and dropped below the control at 150 °C. A corresponding reduction in cellulose crystallinity was also observed. Although the longitudinal tensile strength of treated samples was lower than that of the control, it remained within the range of high-strength bamboo materials.
Keywords
Bamboo culms, X-ray diffraction (XRD), cellulose crystallinity, drying-conversion, mechanical properties.
Article Details
References
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[30]. Yang, S.M., Jiang, Z.H., Ren, Q.H., Fei, B.H., 2010, Determination of cellulose crystallinity of bamboo culms with X-ray diffraction spectrum. Journal of Northeast Forestry University 38(8): 75-77
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[33]. Efa Surian, 2018, A Study of the Physical-Mechanical Properties of Bamboo in Indonesia, Proceedings of the Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference, 154-162.
[2]. Tang T, Welling J, Liese W, 2013, Kiln drying for bamboo culm parts of the species Bambusa stenostachya, Dendrocalamus asper and Thyrostachys siamensis, Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, 10(1) 26-31.
[3]. Shen, Y.L., Wang, Z., Ping, L.J., Li, M.L., Liu, X.Y., Wang, X.M., 2020. Effect of different drying methods on the drying characteristics of plantation-grown pinus sylvestris. Mong. For. Sci. 56, 151–158.
[4]. Yan, Y., Fei, B.H., Liu, S.Q., 2022, The relationship between moisture content and shrinkage strain in the process of bamboo air seasoning and cracking. Dry. Technol. 40, 571–580.
[5]. Tang, T.; Zhang, B.; Liu, X.; Wang, W.; Chen, X.; Fei, B., 2019, Synergistic effects of tung oil and heat treatment on physicochemical properties of bamboo materials. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–11.
[6]. Fatrawana, A.; Maulana, S.; Nawawi, D.S.; Sari, R.K.; Hidayat, W.; Park, S.H.; Febrianto, F.; Lee, S.H.; Kim, N.H. Changes in chemical components of steam-treated betung bamboo strands and their effects on the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo-oriented strand boards. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 2019, 77, 731–739.
[7]. Huang, Y.; Ji, Y.; Yu, W., 2019, Development of bamboo scrimber: A literature review. J. Wood Sci. 65, 1–10.
[8] R. Manalo, M. Acda, 2009, Effects of hot oil treatment on physical and mechanical properties of three species of Philippine bamboo, J. Trop. For. Sci.
[9]. Q. Feng, Y. Huang, C. Ye, B. Fei, S., 2021, Yang, Impact of hygrothermal treatment on the physical properties and chemical composition of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), Holzforschung 75 (7), 614–625.
[10]. Z. He, F. Yang, S. Yi, J. Gao, 2012, Effect of Ultrasound Pretreatment on Vacuum Drying of Chinese Catalpa Wood, Drying Technol. 30 (15), 1750–1755.
[11]. Cheng, D.; Jiang, S.; Zhang, Q., 2013, Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment with Different Aqueous Solutions on the Mold Resistance of Moso Bamboo with Chemical and FTIR Analysis. Bioresources, 8, 371–382.
[12]. Tang, T.; Chen, X.; Zhang, B.; Liu, X.; Fei, B., 2019, Research on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Moso Bamboo with Thermal Treatment in Tung Oil and Its Influencing Factors. Materials 12, 599.
[13]. Yu, H.; Pan, X.; Wang, Z.; Yang, W.; Zhang, W.; Zhuang, X., 2018, Effects of heat treatments on photoaging properties of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel). Wood Sci. Technol. 52, 1671–1683.
[14]. Chung, M.J.; Wang, S.Y., 2017, Effects of peeling and steam-heating treatment on basic properties of two types of bamboo culms (Phyllostachys makinoi and Phyllostachys pubescens). J. Wood Sci. 63, 473–482.
[15]. Zhu, R.; Zhang, Y.; Yu, W., 2015, Changes in the Chemical Properties of Phyllostachys iridescens Bamboo with Steam Treatment. Bioresources.
[16] H. Lv, X. Chen, X. Liu, C. Fang, H. Liu, B. Zhang, B. Fei, 2018, The vacuum-assisted microwave drying of round bamboos: Drying kinetics, color and mechanical property, Mater. Lett. 223 159–162.
[17] L. Dai, C. He, Y. Wang, Y. Liu, Z. Yu, Y. Zhou, L. Fan, D. Duan, R. Ruan, 2017, Comparative study on microwave and conventional hydrothermal pretreatment of bamboo sawdust: Hydrochar properties and its pyrolysis behaviors, Energ. Conver. Manage. 146 1–7.
[18]. Azeez, M.A., and Orege, J.I., 2018, “Bamboo, its chemical modification and products”, Current and future prospects, IntechOpen 25-28.
[19]. Grantham, N.J., Wurman-Rodrich, J., Terret,t, O.M., et al., 2017. An even pattern of xylan substitution is critical for interaction with cellulose in plant cell walls. Nat. Plant 3, 859–865.
[20]. Kang, X., Kirui, A., Dickwella Widanage, M.C., et al., 2019. Lignin-polysaccharide interactions in plant secondary cell walls revealed by solid-state NMR. Nat. Commun. 10, 1–9.
[21]. Lv, H., Ma, X., Zhang, B., et al., 2019. Microwave-vacuum drying of round bamboo: a study of the physical properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 211, 44–51.
[22]. Zhang, X., Li, J., Yu, Z., et al., 2017. Compressive failure mechanism and buckling analysis of the graded hierarchical bamboo structure. J. Mater. Sci. 52, 6999–7007
[23]. Nguyen, Q.; Nguyen, T.; Nguyen, N., 2019, Effects of Bleaching and Heat Treatments on Indosasa angustata Bamboo in Vietnam. Bioresources 14, 6608–6618.
[24]. Brito, F.M.S.; Paes, J.B.; da Oliveira, J.T.S.; Arantes, M.D.C.; Vidaurre, G.B.; Brocco, V.F., 2018, Physico-mechanical characterization of heat-treated glued laminated bamboo. Constr. Build. Mater. 190, 719–727.
[25]. Azadeh, A.; Ghavami, K., 2018, The influence of heat on shrinkage and water absorption of Dendrocalamus giganteus bamboo as a functionally graded material, Constr. Build. Mater. 186, 145–154.
[26]. Zhang, Y.M.; Yu, Y.L.; Yu, W.J., 2013, Effect of thermal treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of Phyllostachys pubescen bamboo. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 71, 61–67.
[27] H. Lv, X. Chen, X. Liu, C. Fang, H. Liu, B. Zhang, B. Fei, 2018, The vacuum-assisted microwave drying of round bamboos: Drying kinetics, color and mechanical property, Mater. Lett. 223, 159–162.
[28] Q. Wang, X. Wu, C. Yuan, Z. Lou, Y. Li, 2020, Effect of saturated steam heat treatment on physical and chemical properties of bamboo, Molecules 25 (8).
[29] J. Li, Y. Chen, J. Xu, D. Ren, H. Yu, F. Guo, Z. Wu, 2018, The Influence of Media Treatments on Color Changes, Dimensional Stability, and Cracking Behavior of Bamboo Scrimber, International Journal of Polymer Science 2018, 1–7.
[30]. Yang, S.M., Jiang, Z.H., Ren, Q.H., Fei, B.H., 2010, Determination of cellulose crystallinity of bamboo culms with X-ray diffraction spectrum. Journal of Northeast Forestry University 38(8): 75-77
[31]. Kim, D. Y., Nishiyama, Y., Wada, M., Kuga, S., and Okano, T., 2001, Thermal decomposition of cellulose crystallites in wood, Holzforschung 55(5), 521-524.
[32]. Jiang, Z., Liu, Z., Fei, B., Cai, Z., and Yu, Y., 2012, The pyrolysis characteristics of moso bamboo, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 94, 48-52.
[33]. Efa Surian, 2018, A Study of the Physical-Mechanical Properties of Bamboo in Indonesia, Proceedings of the Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference, 154-162.