532 NM OPTICAL VORTEX GENERATION USING A GRADIENT-INDEX NANOSTRUCTURED VORTEX PHASE MICROCOMPONENT
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper reports the functional characterization of a flat-surface, nanostructured gradient index vortex phase microcomponent (nVPC) operating at a wavelength of 532 nm. The nVPC was designed and fabricated using a nanostructuring-material approach. The core region comprises 7,651 nanorods made from two thermally and mechanically matched glasses, arranged in a hexagonal lattice with a 20 μm diagonal. The optical performance of the component was evaluated through theoretical analysis and experimental verification. The measurements confirm the generation of a fundamental optical vortex, evidenced by a characteristic phase singularity and a doughnut-shaped transverse intensity profile. The nVPC has flat surfaces, and vortex generation arises from the engineered internal refractive-index distribution. Consequently, its function is insensitive to the refractive index of the surrounding medium, making it well-suited for microfluidic applications.
Keywords
optical vortex, nanostructured vortex phase microcomponent, nanotechnology.
Article Details
References
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[2] L. Allen, M. W. Beijersbergen, R. J. C. Spreeuw, J. P. Woerdman (1992), Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes, Phys. Rev. A. (Coll Park), 45(11) 8185-8189.
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[4] Y. Yang, Y. X. Ren, C. Rosales-Guzmán (2024), Optical vortices: Fundamentals and applications, Institute of Physics Publishing, 1-240.
[5] Y. Shen, X. Wang, Z. Xie, C. Min, X. Fu, Q. Liu, M. Gong, X. Yuan (2019), Optical vortices 30 years on: OAM manipulation from topological charge to multiple singularities, Light Sci. Appl, 8(1) 1-29.
[6] F. Pang, L. Xiang, H. Liu, L. Zhang, J. Wen, X. Zeng, T. Wang (2021), Review on Fiber-Optic Vortices and Their Sensing Applications, Journal of Lightwave Technology, 39(12) 3740-3750.
[7] V. G. Shvedov, A. V. Rode, Y. V. Izdebskaya, A. S. Desyatnikov, W. Krolikowski, Y. S. Kivshar (2010), Giant optical manipulation, Phys. Rev. Lett., 105(11), 118103.
[8] Brijesh K Singh, Harel Nagar, Yael Roichman, Ady Arie (2017), Particle manipulation beyond the diffraction limit using structured super-oscillating light beams, Light Sci. Appl, 6, e17050.
[9] K. I. Willig, S. O. Rizzoli, V. Westphal, R. Jahn, S. W. Hell (2006), STED microscopy reveals that synaptotagmin remains clustered after synaptic vesicle exocytosis, Nature, 440(7086) 935-939.
[10] L. Yan, P. Kristensen, S. Ramachandran (2018), Vortex fibers for STED microscopy, APL Photonics, 4(2), 022903.
[11] A. Mair, A. Vaziri, G. Weihs, A.Zeilinger (2001), Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons, Nature, 412, pp.313-316.
[12] I. Nape, B. Sephton, P. Ornelas, C. Moodley, A. Forbes (2023), Quantum structured light in high dimensions, APL Photonics, 8(5), 051101.
[13] K Toyoda, F Takahashi, S Takizawa, Y Tokizane, K Miyamoto, R Morita, T Omatsu (2013), Transfer of light helicity to nanostructures, Physical Review Letters, 110, 143603.
[14] T.Omatsu, K.Miyamoto, K.Toyoda, R.Morita, Y.Arita, K.Dholakia (2019), A new twist for materials science: the formation of chiral structures using the angular momentum of light, Advanced Optical Materials 9(7), 1801672.
[15] N. R. Heckenberg, R. McDuff, C. P. Smith, A. G. White (1992), Generation of optical phase singularities by computer-generated holograms, Opt. Lett.,17, pp.221-223.
[16] K. S. Malik, N. Kumar, B. R. Boruah (2022), Dynamic modulation of spatial intensity profile of a laser beam using a binary hologram, Opt. Commun., 515, 128201.
[17] Djenan Ganic, Xiaosong Gan, Min Gu, et. al. (2002), Generation of doughnut laser beams by use of a liquid-crystal cell with a conversion efficiency near 100%, Opt. Lett. 27, pp.1351-1353.
[18] M. Li, S. J. Elston, C. He, X. Qiu, A. A. Castrejón-Pita, S. M. Morris (2024), Printed Liquid Crystal Optical Vortex Beam Generators, Adv. Optical Mater 12, 2400450.
[19] G. Campbell, B. Hage, B. Buchler, P. K. Lam (2012), Generation of high-order optical vortices using directly machined spiral phase mirrors, Applied Optics, 51(7) 873-876.
[20] J. Chen, D. F. Kuang, M. Gui, Z. L. Fang (2009), Generation of Optical Vortex Using a Spiral Phase Plate Fabricated in Quartz by Direct Laser Writing and Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching, Chinese Physics Letters, 26(1) 014202.
[21] J. Pi, J. Yang, S. Cho, S. Cheon, G. Kim, K. Choi, H. Kim, W. Lee, H. Kang, C. Hwang (2018), Development of high-resolution active matrix spatial light modulator, Optical Engineering, 57(6), 061606.
[22] M. Massari, G. Ruffato, M. Gintoli, F. Ricci, F. Romanato (2015), Fabrication and characterization of high-quality spiral phase plates for optical applications, Appl. Opt. 54, pp.4077-4083.
[23] H Wei, AK Amrithanath, S Krishnaswamy (2019), 3D printing of micro-optic spiral phase plates for the generation of optical vortex beams, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 31(8) 599-602.
[24] Rita S. Rodrigues Ribeiro, Pabitra Dahal, Ariel Guerreiro, Pedro Jorge, Jaime Viegas (2016), Optical fibers as beam shapers: from Gaussian beams to optical vortices, Opt. Lett. 41, pp.2137-2140.
[25] Ksenia Weber, Felix Hütt, Simon Thiele, Timo Gissibl, Alois Herkommer, Harald Giessen (2017), Single mode fiber based delivery of OAM light by 3D direct laser writing, Opt. Express 25, pp.19672-19679.
[26] K. Switkowski, A. Anuszkiewicz, A. Filipkowski, D. Pysz, R. Stepien, W. Krolikowski, R. Buczynski (2017), Formation of optical vortices with all-glass nanostructured gradient index masks, Opt. Express, 25(25) 31443.
[27] H. T. Nguyen, K. Switkowski, R. Kasztelanic, A. Anuszkiewicz (2020), Optical characterization of single nanostructured gradient index vortex phase masks fabricated by the modified stack-and-draw technique, Opt. Commun., 463, 125435.
[28] H. T. Nguyen, R. Kasztelanic, A. Filipkowski, D. Pysz, H. Van Le, R. Stepien, T. Omatsu, W. Krolikowski, R. Buczynski (2023), Broadband optical vortex beam generation using flat-surface nanostructured gradient index vortex phase masks, Sci. Rep., 13(1), 20255.
[29] T. H. Nguyen, T. T. Nguyen, T. L. Nguyen, M. K. Cao, T. H. Tran, V. H. Le (2025), Numerical study on broadband optical vortex beam in the visible range using nanostructured vortex phase components, Hong Duc University Journal of Science, 74, 24–31.
[30] H. Le Van, R. Buczynski, B. C. Van, R. Kasztelanic, H. T. Nguyen, B. Le Viet, H. T. Thi (2025), Achromatic nanostructured phase components for micro-optical vortex beam generation”, Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 42(6) 1194-1203.
[31] A. Sihvola (1999), Electromagnetic Mixing Formulas and Applications, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 1-296.
[32] Hudelist F, Buczynski R, Waddie AJ, Taghizadeh MR (2009), Design and fabrication of nano-structured gradient index microlenses, Opt. Express, 17(5) 3255-3263.
[33] Adam Filipkowski, Bernard Piechal, Dariusz Pysz, Ryszard Stepien, Andrew Waddie, Mohammad R. Taghizadeh, Ryszard Buczynski (2015), Nanostructured gradient index microaxicons made by a modified stack and draw method, Opt. Lett, 40, 5200-5203.
[34] J. Nowosielski, R. Buczynski, A. J. Waddie, A. Filipkowski, D. Pysz, A. McCarthy, R. Stepien, and M. R. Taghizadeh (2012), Large diameter nanostructured gradient index lens, Optics Express, 20(11) 11767-11777.
[35] H. T. Nguyen, G. Stepniewski, A. Filipkowski, R. Kasztelanic, D. Pysz, H. Le Van, R. Stepien, M. Klimczak, W. Krolikowski, R. Buczynski (2022), Transmission of an optical vortex beam in antiresonant fibers generated in an all-fiber system, Optics Express, 30(25) 45635-45647.
[36] R. Stepien, J. Cimek, D. Pysz, I. Kujawa, M. Klimczak, R. Buczynski (2014), Soft glasses for photonic crystal fibers and microstructured optical components, Optical Engineering, 53(7), 071815.
[37] D. W. Prather, J. N. Mait, M. S. Mirotznik (1999), Design of binary subwavelength diffractive lenses by use of zeroth-order effective-medium theory, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 16(5) 1157-1167.
[38] V. V. Kotlyar, A. A. Kovalev, and A. P. Porfirev (2017), Astigmatic transforms of an optical vortex for measurement of its topological charge, Appl Opt, 56(14), 4095.
[39] P. Kumar, N. K. Nishchal (2019), Modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer for determining the high-order topological charge of Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beams, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 36(8), 1447.