Effect of Drying-Conversion Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Culms
Main Article Content
Abstract
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and mechanical testing were conducted to evaluate the influence of drying-conversion temperature on the relative crystallinity of cellulose in bamboo culms and the associated mechanical properties after low-pressure thermal treatment. All treated samples showed marked improvements in static bending strength and longitudinal compressive strength. However, these properties decreased with increasing drying-conversion temperature and dropped below the control at 150 °C. A corresponding reduction in cellulose crystallinity was also observed. Although the longitudinal tensile strength of treated samples was lower than that of the control, it remained within the range of high-strength bamboo materials.
Keywords
Bamboo culms, X-ray diffraction (XRD), cellulose crystallinity, drying-conversion, mechanical properties.
Article Details
References
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[2] Tang, T. K. H., Welling, J., & Liese, W, Kiln drying for bamboo culm parts of the species Bambusa stenostachya, Dendrocalamus asper and Thyrsostachys siamensis. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science. 10(1):26-31, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s13196-013-0089-4.
[3] Yan, Y., Fei, B. H., & Liu, S. Q, The relationship between moisture content and shrinkage strain in the process of bamboo air seasoning and cracking. Drying Technology. 40:571-580, 2022. DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2020.1819307.
[4] Tang, T., Zhang, B., Liu, X., Wang, W., Chen, X., & Fei, B, Synergistic effects of tung oil and heat treatment on physicochemical properties of bamboo materials. Scientific Reports. 9:1-11, 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49240-8.
[5] Fatrawana, A., Maulana, S., Nawawi, D. S., Sari, R. K., Hidayat, W., Park, S. H., Febrianto, F., Lee, S. H., & Kim, N. H, Changes in chemical components of steam-treated betung bamboo strands and their effects on the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo-oriented strand boards. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. 77:731–739, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s00107-019-01426-7.
[6] Huang, Y., Ji, Y., & Yu, W, Development of bamboo scrimber: A literature review. Journal of Wood Science. 65:1-10, 2019. DOI: 10.1186/s10086-019-1806-4.
[7] Manalo, R. D., & Acda, M. N, Effects of hot oil treatment on physical and mechanical properties of three species of Philippine bamboo. Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 21(1):19-24, 2009.
[8] Feng, Q., Huang, Y., Ye, C., Fei, B., & Yang, S, Impact of hygrothermal treatment on the physical properties and chemical composition of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Holzforschung. 75(7):614-625, 2021. DOI: 10.1515/hf-2020-0017.
[9] Cheng, D., Jiang, S., & Zhang, Q, Effect of hydrothermal treatment with different aqueous solutions on the mold resistance of Moso bamboo with chemical and FTIR analysis. BioResources. 8:371-382, 2013. DOI: 10.15376/biores.8.1.371-382.
[10] Tang, T., Chen, X., Zhang, B., Liu, X., & Fei, B, Research on the physico-mechanical properties of Moso bamboo with thermal treatment in tung oil and its influencing factors. Materials. 12:599, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/ma12040599.
[11] Chung, M. J., & Wang, S. Y, Effects of peeling and steam-heating treatment on basic properties of two types of bamboo culms (Phyllostachys makinoi and Phyllostachys pubescens). Journal of Wood Science. 63:473-482, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s10086-017-1647-y.
[12] Zhu, R., Zhang, Y., & Yu, W, Changes in the chemical properties of Phyllostachys iridescens bamboo with steam treatment. Bioresources. 10(3):5987-5993, 2015. DOI: 10.15376/biores.10.3.5987-5993.
[13] Lv, H., Chen, X., Liu, X., Fang, C., Liu, H., Zhang, B., & Fei, B, The vacuum-assisted microwave drying of round bamboos: Drying kinetics, color and mechanical property. Materials Letters. 223:159-162, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2018.04.038.
[14] Azeez, M. A., & Orege, J. I, Bamboo, its chemical modification and products, in Bamboo - Current and Future Prospects, 25-48, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76359.
[15] Kang, X., Kirui, A., Dickwella Widanage, M. C., et al, Lignin-polysaccharide interactions in plant secondary cell walls revealed by solid-state NMR. Nature Communications. 10:1-9, 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08252-0.
[16] Nguyen, Q., Nguyen, T., & Nguyen, N, Effects of bleaching and heat treatments on Indosasa angustata bamboo in Vietnam. BioResources. 14:6608-6618, 2019. DOI: 10.15376/biores.14.3.6608-6618.
[17] Brito, F. M. S., Paes, J. B., da Oliveira, J. T. S., Arantes, M. D. C., Vidaurre, G. B., & Brocco, V. F, Physico-mechanical characterization of heat-treated glued laminated bamboo. Construction and Building Materials. 190:719-727, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.057.
[18] Azadeh, A., & Ghavami, K, The influence of heat on shrinkage and water absorption of Dendrocalamus giganteus bamboo as a functionally graded material. Construction and Building Materials. 186:145-154, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.011.
[19] Zhang, Y. M., Yu, Y. L., & Yu, W. J, Effect of thermal treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of Phyllostachys pubescens bamboo. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. 71:61-67, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s00107-012-0643-6.
[20] Wang, Q., Wu, X., Yuan, C., Lou, Z., & Li, Y, Effect of saturated steam heat treatment on physical and chemical properties of bamboo. Molecules. 25(8):1999, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081999.
[21] Li, J., Chen, Y., Xu, J., Ren, D., Yu, H., Guo, F., & Wu, Z, The influence of media treatments on color changes, dimensional stability, and cracking behavior of bamboo scrimber. International Journal of Polymer Science. 2018:1-7, 2018. DOI: 10.1155/2018/6068589.
[22] Yang, S. M., Jiang, Z. H., Ren, Q. H., & Fei, B. H, Determination of cellulose crystallinity of bamboo culms with X-ray diffraction spectrum. Journal of Northeast Forestry University. 38(8):75-77, 2010. DOI: 10.13759/j.cnki.dlxb.2010.08.036.
[23] Kim, D. Y., Nishiyama, Y., Wada, M., Kuga, S., & Okano, T, Thermal decomposition of cellulose crystallites in wood. Holzforschung. 55(5):521-524, 2001. DOI: 10.1515/HF.2001.084.
[24] Jiang, Z., Liu, Z., Fei, B., Cai, Z., & Yu, Y, The pyrolysis characteristics of moso bamboo. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 94:48-52, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2011.10.010.
[25] Surian, E, A study of the physical-mechanical properties of bamboo in Indonesia, in Proceedings of the Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference, pp. 154-162, 2018. DOI: 10.5220/0008904601540162.